THE ROLE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN NIGER STATE MOHAMMED Mustapha Alhaji  Department of Continuing Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education and Arts, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University L

I Kennedy; I. Y Ukanah

THE ROLE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN NIGER STATE MOHAMMED Mustapha Alhaji Department of Continuing Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education and Arts, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University L

Authors

I Kennedy
I. Y Ukanah

Keywords:

Sample size, Bootstrap estimates, Jackknife estimates, Bias, Confidence interval

Abstract

The study investigated how sample size affects Bootstrap and Jackknife estimates for the 2022 NABTEB Mathematics multiple-choice test items. Using a comparative ex post facto design, data were drawn from 6,000 students who sat for the exam in South-South Nigeria, selected through multistage sampling. The validated NABTEB mathematics items served as the instrument, with a KR-20 reliability index of 0.88. R Studio software was used to compute estimates for bias, standard error, and 95% confidence intervals. Paired t-tests, ANOVA, and Cohen's d assessed differences across groups. Results showed that both methods reduced bias and standard error as sample size increased. However, the Jackknife method yielded consistently lower variability, making it more suitable for smaller samples. The Bootstrap method, with minimal resampling variability, was more effective for larger datasets. While there was no significant difference in bias estimates between the methods, the Jackknife method significantly reduced standard error. The study concluded by recommending the Jackknife method for small sample research to improve the accuracy and reliability of statistical estimates.

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THE ROLE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN NIGER STATE MOHAMMED Mustapha Alhaji Department of Continuing Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education and Arts, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University L